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Seed and Cone Insects of Southern Pines

Selected References

  1. Baker, W. L
    1972. Eastern forest insects. USDA For. Serv., Misc. Publ. 1175, 642 p. U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, D.C.
  2. Beal, R. H.
    1958. We habits and control of pine tip moth: results from preliminary studies. USDA For. Serv., South. For. Pest Rep. 24, 5 p. South. For. Exp. Stn., New Orleans, La.
  3. Bramlett, D. L, and J. G. HutcNnson.
    1965. Pine sawfly larvae destroy shortleaf pine strobili in Virginia. USDA For. Serv., Res. Note SE-42, 3 p. Southeast. For. Exp. Stn., Asheville. N.C.
  4. Burdick, D. J.
    1961. A taxonomic and biological study of the genus Xyela Dalman in North America. Univ. Calif. Publ., Entomol. 17: 285-356.
  5. Ciesla, W. M., and J. C. Bell, Jr.
    1966. A new host record for the seedworm, Laspeyresia toreuta, with notes on its biology. J. Econ. Entomol. 59: 1025-1026.
  6. Ciesla, W. M., J. L Rauschenberger, and J. C. Bell, Jr.
    1968. Eucosma infestations in shortleaf pine cones. J. Econ. Entomol. 61: 1129-1130.
  7. Coulson, R. N., and R. T. Franklin.
    1968. Frequency of occurrence of cone- and seed-destroying insects on shortleaf pine in the Georgia Piedmont. J. Econ. Entomol. 61: 1026-1027.
  8. Coulson, R. N., and R. T. Franklin.
    1970. The biology of Dioryctria amatella (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). Can. Entomol. 102: 679-684.
  9. Coulson, R. N., A. Mutuura, and E. Munroe.
    1972. The Dioryctria species of loblolly pine in east Texas, with comments on the occurrence of two new species. J. Econ. Entomol. 65: 868-870.
  10. Coyne, J. F.
    1968. Laspeyresia ingens, a seedworm infesting cones of longleaf pine. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 61: 1116-1122.
  11. Craighead, F. C.
    1950. Insect enemies of eastern forests. U.S. Dep. Agric., Misc. Publ. 657, 679 p. U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, D.C.
  12. DeBarr, G. L
    1967. Two new sucking insect pests of seed in southern pine seed orchards. USDA For. Serv., Res. Note SE-78, 3 p. Southeast. For. Exp. Stn., Asheville, N.C.
  13. DeBarr, G. L
    1969. The damage potential of a flower thrips in slash pine seed orchards. J. For. 67: 326-327.
  14. DeBarr, G. L
    1970. Characteristics and radiographic detection of seedbug damage to slash pine seed. Fla. Entomol. 53: 109-117.
  15. DeBarr, G. L
    1974. Quantifying the impact of seedbugs. In Seed yield from southern pine seed orchards colloquium proceedings. p. 34-41. John Kraus, ad. Ga. For. Res. Counc., Macon, Ga.
  16. DeBarr, G. L, and B. H. Ebel.
    1973. How seedbugs reduce the quantity and quality of pine seed yields. Twelfth South. For. Tree Improv. Conf. Proc., P- 97-103. [Baton Rouge, La., June 1973]
  17. DeBarr, G. L, and B. H. Ebel.
    1974. Conelet abortion and seed damage of shortleaf and loblolly pines by a seedbug, Leptoglossus corculus. For. Sci. 20: 165-170.
  18. DeBarr, G. L, and J. A. Williams.
    1971. Nonlethal thrips damage to slash pine flowers reduces seed yields. USDA For. Serv., Res. Note SE-160, 4 p. Southeast. For. Exp. Stn., Asheville, N.C.
  19. Ebel, B. H.
    1961. Thrips injure slash pine female flowers. J. For. 59: 374375.
  20. Ebel, B. H.
    1963. Insects affecting seed production of slash and longleaf pines: their identification and biological annotation. USDA For. Serv., Res. Pap. SE-6,24 p. Southeast. For. Exp. Stn., Asheville, N.C.
  21. Ebel, B. H.
    1965. The Dioryctria coneworms of north Florida pines (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 58: 623-630.
  22. Ebel, B. H.
    1966. Rearing and occurrence of xyelid sawflies on slash and longleaf pines in north Florida (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 59: 227-229.
  23. Ebel, B. H.
    1971. Distribution and incidence of Laspeyresia spp. seedworm infestation in Virginia, loblolly and shortleaf pine cones in the southern states. Eleventh Conf., South. For. Tree Improv. Proc., p. 95-97. [Atlanta, Ga., June 1971]
  24. Ebel, B. H.
    1974. Cone and seed insects of shortleaf and loblolly pines in the Georgia Piedmont. In Seed yield from southern pine seed orchards colloquium proceedings. p. 26-33. John Kraus, ad. Ga. For. Res. Counc., Macon, Ga.
  25. Ebel, B. H., and G. L DeBarr.
    1973. Injury to female strobili of shortleaf and loblolly pines by Nepytia semiclusaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Fla. Entomol. 56: 53-55.
  26. Ebel, B. H., and H. 0. Yates III.
    1973. Rearing and biological observations on a southern pine cone insect, Eucosma cocana Kearfott (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 66: 88-92.
  27. Ebel, B. H., and H. 0. Yates III.
    1974. Insect-caused damage and mortality to conelets, cones, and seed of shortleaf pine. J. Econ. Entomol. 67: 222-226.
  28. Gilbert, B. L., S. J. Barras, and D. M. Norris.
    1967. Bionomics of Tetyra bipunctata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Scutellerinae) as associated with Pinus banksiana in Wisconsin. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 60: 698-701.
  29. Goolsby, R. P., J. L. Ruehle, and H. 0. Yates III.
    1972. Insects and diseases of seed orchards in the South. Ga. For. Res. Counc. Rep. 28, 25 p., Macon, Ga.
  30. Greenbaum, H. N.
    1974. A new Xyela (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae) from Florida. Fla. Entomol. 57: 104106.
  31. Hedlin, A. F.
    1974. Cone and seed insects of British Columbia. Environ. Can., For. Serv. Publ. BC-X-90,63 p.
  32. Hedlin, A. F., H. 0. Yates 111, David Cibrian Tovar, Bernard H. Ebel, Thomas W. Koerber and Edward P. Merkel.
    1980. Cone and seed insects of North American conifers. 122 p. Can. For. Serv., U.S. For. Serv., and Secr. Agric. Recur. Hidraul., Mexico. (Coop. Publ. unnumbered.)
  33. Heinrich, C.
    1956. American moths of the subfamily Phycitinae. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 207, 581 p.
  34. Kraft, K. J.
    1968. Ecology of the cone moth, Laspeyresia toreuta, in Pinus banksiana stands. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 61: 1462-1465.
  35. Lyons, L. A.
    1957. Insects affecting seed production in red pine. II. Dioryctria disclusa Heinrich, D. abietella (D. and S.) and D. cambiicola (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). Can. Entomol. 89: 70-79.
  36. McLemore, B. F.
    1973. Loblolly pine flowers damaged by Phyllophaga beetles. J. Econ. Entomol. 66: 541-542.
  37. Mead, F. W.
    1971. Annotated key to leaffooted bugs, Leptoglossus spp., in Florida (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Fla. Dep. Agric. Consum. Serv., Div. Plant Ind. Entomol. Circ. 113,4 p.
  38. Merkel, E. P.
    1963. Distribution of the pine seedworm, Laspeyresia anaranjada, with notes on the occurrence of Laspeyresia ingena Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 56: 667-669.
  39. Merkel, E. P.
    1967. Life history of the slash pine seedworm, Laspeyresia anaranjada Miller (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Fla. Entomol. 50: 141-149.
  40. Morris, C. L., and W. J. Schroeder.
    1967. Pine cone mortality. Va. For. 21(4): 18,20.
  41. Mutuura, A., and E. Munroe.
    1979. American species of Dioryctria (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) V. Three new cone-feeding species from the Southeastern United States. J- Ga. Entomol. Soc. 14: 290-304.
  42. Neunzig, H. H., E. D. Cashatt, and G. A. Matuza.
    1964. Observations on the biology of four species of Dioryctria in North Carolina (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 57: 317-321.
  43. Neunzig, H. H., R. L Rabb, B. H. Ebel, and E. P. Merkel.
    1964. Larvae of the genus Dioryctria (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) in the Southeastern United States. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 57: 693-700.
  44. Powell, J. A.
    1968. Host associations and taxonomy of Nearctic conifer cone moths in the genus Eucosma (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Hilgardia 39(1): 1-36.
  45. Rose, A. H., and 0. H. Lindquist.
    1973. Insects of eastern pines. Can. For. Serv., Publ. 1313, 127 p.
  46. Rowan, S. J., and G. L. DeBarr.
    1974. Moldy seed and poor germination linked with seedbug damage in slash pine seed lots. USDA For. Serv., Tree Plant. Notes 25(1): 25-27.
  47. Spears, C. F.
    1974. Pine seed chalcid transcontinental in range. USDA For. Serv., Tree Plant. Notes 25(2): 24.
  48. Yates, H. 0., III.
    1960. The Nantucket pine moth - a literature review. USDA For. Serv., Southeast. For. Exp. Stn. Pap. 115,19 p. Asheville, N.C.
  49. Yates, H. 0., III, and B. H. Ebel.
    1970. Light trap collections of Laspeyresia ingens and L toreuta in Clarke County, Georgia (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 5: 242-247.
  50. Yates, H. 0., III, and B. H. Ebel.
    1972. Light-trap collections and review of biologies of two species of pine-feeding Geometridae. J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 7: 265-271.
  51. Yates, H. 0.,111, and B. H. Ebel.
    1972. Shortleaf pine conelet loss caused by the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia lrustrana (Comstock) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 65:100-104.
  52. Yates, H. 0., III, and B. H. Ebel.
    1975. Light-trapping and identifying Dioryctria that damage pine cones in northeastern Georgia (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 10: 78-86.
  53. Yearian, W. C., and L. 0. Warren.
    1964. Insects of pine cones in Arkansas. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 37: 259-264.

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